Apparatus and method for introducing gain and phase offset via a second filter due to constraint of coefficients of a first filter

ABSTRACT

A system including filter circuits, a least mean square (LMS) engine, and a gain controller. A first filter circuit includes first taps that receive first coefficients. The first filter circuit filters a digital signal to generate a first filtered signal. One of the first coefficients is constrained. The LMS engine, based on a first input signal and a LMS algorithm, generates the first coefficients. A second filter circuit includes second taps that receive second coefficients. The second filter circuit filters the first filtered signal to generate a second filtered signal. The gain controller adjusts a gain of the digital signal based on a second input signal. The second filter circuit introduces: a difference in gain between outputs of the first and second filter circuits to adjust amplitudes of the first and second input signals; and a sampling phase offset between the outputs of the first and second filter circuits.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present disclosure is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/098,639 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,641,359), filed Apr. 14, 2016, which isa continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/091,514 (now U.S. Pat.No. 9,319,024), filed Nov. 27, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/632,612 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,975), filedOct. 1, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/329,987 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,279,984), filed Dec. 19, 2011, which isa continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/372,832 (now U.S. Pat.No. 8,081,720), filed Feb. 18, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/788,998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,505,537), filedFeb. 27, 2004, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/457,717, filed Mar. 25, 2003. The entiredisclosures of the applications referenced above are incorporated hereinby reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to Least Mean Square (LMS) filters. Moreparticularly, the present disclosure relates to a system and method forcontrolling gain and timing phase in the presence of a first LMS filterusing a second adaptive filter.

BACKGROUND

The Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptation algorithm is known to providegood error rate performance for sequence detectors in applications suchas, for example, digital data detectors (e.g., read channel devices formagnetic recording), data communication and the like. The LMS algorithmis updated according to Equation (1):C _(N)(n+1)=C _(N)(n)+μ*E(n)*X _(N)(n)  (1)According to Equation (1), C_(N)(n+1) is a vector of N tap weightcoefficients of a filter for the next iteration (i.e., the next timesampling interval of the input signal), i.e., C_(N)(n+1)=[C₀(n+1),C₁(n+1), . . . , C_(N-1)(n+1)]. The filter can be, for example, a FiniteImpulse Response (FIR) filter or an Infinite Impulse Response filter. AFIR filter produces an output that is a weighted sum of the current andpast inputs to the filter. An IIR filter produces an output that is aweighted sum of the current and past inputs to the filter and pastoutputs of the filter. In Equation (1), C_(N)(n) is a vector of N tapweight coefficients of the filter for the current iteration (i.e., thecurrent sampling interval of the input signal), i.e., C_(N)(n)=[C₀(n),C₁(n), . . . , C_(N-1)(n)]. The gain constant or step-size parameter μis a scalar value that generally controls the rate at which the LMSalgorithm converges, with its value generally being between, forexample, zero and one. E(n) is a scalar value representing the errorbetween the value of the signal input to the filter and the idealnoiseless value of that input signal. For data communication, an outputof the filter can be in communication with an input of a sequencedetector, and an output of the sequence detector can be in communicationwith an input of a reconstruction filter, a target channel responsefilter, or the like. The ideal noiseless value can be estimated byconvolving the output of the sequence detector with the target channelresponse. In Equation (1), X_(N)(n) is a vector of N delayed inputsamples to the filter, i.e., X_(N)(n)=[X(k), X(k−1), . . . ,X(k−(N−1))].

In data communication receivers with gain recovery and/or timing phaserecovery, it is generally necessary to constrain the LMS algorithm tominimize the interaction between the LMS adaptation and the gain andtiming phase recovery. For example, for a filter having tap weightcoefficients updated according to the LMS algorithm, at least two of themain tap weight coefficients of the filter can be constrained and notadapted. A Zero-Forcing (ZF) Automatic Gain Control (AGC) algorithm canbe used to control the gain of the system. In such a configuration,there can be an undesirable interaction between the filter having tapweight coefficients updated according to the LMS algorithm and the ZFAGC. In the presence of signal noise, minimization of the Mean SquareError (MSE) by the LMS algorithm on the input signal through the filtercan require that the gain of the system be slightly lowered relative tothe noiseless case. However, the ZF AGC algorithm generally does notmake adjustments to the overall gain setting, even in the presence ofnoise. With the ZF AGC algorithm maintaining a higher gain than desiredby the filter having tap weight coefficients updated according to theLMS algorithm, the resultant higher-gain situation can cause theconstrained LMS algorithm to converge to a sub-optimal state that can befar from the optimal error rate performance of the data receiver.

In addition, there can be another bias (or biases) in the timing phaserecovery of the data receiver. This can be caused by, for example,implementation inaccuracy (e.g., quantization effects), data patterndependencies (e.g., highly asymmetric waveforms), and the like. Theconstrained LMS algorithm generally cannot correct for the biascondition properly, because two or more of the main tap weightcoefficients of the filter are not allowed to adapt. Consequently, thetap weight coefficients that are allowed to adapt can over-correct,which can result in the tap weight coefficients of the filter convergingto a state that also yields sub-optimal error rate performance.

SUMMARY

A system is provided and includes a first filter, a first device, asecond filter and a second device. The first filter includes first taps.The first taps are configured to receive respective coefficients, andwherein the first filter is configured to receive an input signal, andbased on the coefficients, filter the input signal. The first device isconfigured to update some of the coefficients based on the input signal.The first device does not update one of the coefficients. The secondfilter includes second taps. The second taps are configured to receiverespectively a first coefficient and a second coefficient. The secondfilter is configured to, based on the first coefficient and the secondcoefficient, filter an output of the first filter. The second device isconfigured to, based on the output of the first filter, update thesecond coefficient to account for a change in: an amount of gain of thesystem not accounted for by the first device due to the one of thecoefficients of the first taps not being updated; and a timing phaseerror of the input signal as a result of the first device not updatingthe one of the coefficients of the first taps.

In other features, a method is provided and includes: receiving an inputsignal at a first filter; receiving coefficients respectively at firsttaps of the first filter; based on the coefficients, filtering the inputsignal at the first filter; updating some of the coefficients based onthe input signal, wherein one of the coefficients is not updated; andreceiving a first coefficient and a second coefficient respectively atsecond taps of a second filter. The method further includes: based onthe first coefficient and the second coefficient, filtering an output ofthe first filter at the second filter; and based on the output of thefirst filter, updating the second coefficient to account for a change in(i) an amount of gain not accounted for due to the one of thecoefficients of the first taps not being updated, and a timing phaseerror of the input signal as a result of not updating the one of thecoefficients of the first taps.

In other features, a system is provided and includes a first filterconfigured to generate a first output signal based on an input signal.The first filter includes N tap weight coefficients, where N is aninteger greater than 1. A first device is configured to update the N tapweight coefficients of the first filter. A second filter is configuredto generate a second output signal in response to the first outputsignal. The second filter includes M tap weight coefficients, where M isan integer greater than 1 and less than N. A second device is configuredto determine a value of a first one of the M tap weight coefficients foreach of multiple sampling times of the input signal. The second deviceis configured to update the first one of the M tap weight coefficientsbased on the values of the first one of the M tap weight coefficients, afirst gain constant, and a change in timing phase error of the firstfilter.

A method and system are disclosed for controlling gain and timing phasein the presence of a first Least Mean Square (LMS) filter using a secondadaptive filter. In accordance with a first aspect of the presentdisclosure, an information communication system can include a variablegain amplifier (VGA). The VGA can be responsive to an input signal ofthe information communication system. The information communicationsystem can include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC can beresponsive to an output of the VGA. The information communication systemcan include a first filter. Tap weight coefficients of the first filtercan be updated according to a first least mean square (LMS) engine. Thefirst filter can be responsive to an output of the ADC. At least one tapweight coefficient of the first filter can be constrained. Theinformation communication system can include a second filter. Tap weightcoefficients of the second filter can be updated according to anadaptation engine. The adaptation engine can compromise a second LMSengine or a zero-forcing engine. The second filter can be responsive toan output of the first filter. The number of tap weight coefficients ofthe second filter can be less than or equal to the number of the tapweight coefficients of the first filter. The information communicationsystem can include either or both of a gain controller for controllinggain of the VGA, wherein the gain controller can in communication withthe VGA and responsive to the output of the second filter, and a timingphase controller for controlling timing phase of the ADC, wherein thetiming phase controller can be in communication with the ADC andresponsive to an output of the second filter.

According to the first aspect, at least two tap weight coefficients ofthe first filter can be constrained. A value of at least one tap weightcoefficient of the second filter can be updated to provide a gain of thesecond filter that is associated with a change in gain error from thefirst filter. The gain of the second filter can be configured to causethe gain controller to modify a gain of the VGA to compensate for thechange in gain error from the first filter. Additionally oralternatively, a value of at least one tap weight coefficient of thesecond filter can be updated to provide a timing phase of the secondfilter that is associated with a change in timing phase error introducedby the first filter. The timing phase of the second filter can beconfigured to cause the timing phase controller to modify a timing phaseof the ADC to compensate for the change in timing phase error introducedby the first filter.

According to the first aspect, the second filter can include either atwo-tap filter or a three-tap filter. For example, the tap weightcoefficients of the two-tap filter can include “a” and “1+b”,respectively, and the tap weight coefficients of the three-tap filtercan include “a”, “1+b”, and “−a”, respectively. The tap weightcoefficient “a” can be updated according to the equation:a[n+1]=a[n]−α*Δθ,wherein a[n+1] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “a” forthe next sampling time of the input signal, a[n] includes the value ofthe tap weight coefficient “a” for the current sampling time of theinput signal, α includes a first gain constant, and Δθ includes thechange in timing phase error associated with the first filter.

According to the first aspect, the first filter can include N tap weightcoefficients, wherein N includes at least four. For purposes ofillustration and not limitation, a third tap weight coefficient C₃ and afourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first filter can be constrained.Thus, Δθ can be updated according to the equation:

${{\Delta\;\theta} = \frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{e}} - {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{o}}} )}{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}},$wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thefirst aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can be updated according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n)modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the first aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The error signal E[n] can include the differencebetween an output of the first filter and the output of a reconstructionfilter. The reconstruction filter can be responsive to an output of asequence detector. The sequence detector can be responsive to an outputof the first filter.

According to the first aspect, the first filter can include N tap weightcoefficients, wherein N includes at least four. For purposes ofillustration and not limitation, a third tap weight coefficient C₃ and afourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first filter can be constrained.Thus, Δθ can be updated according to the equation:Δθ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(e) −ΔC ₄ *K _(o)),wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thefirst aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can be updated according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the first aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value.

According to the first aspect, the information communication system caninclude a sequence detector. The sequence detector can be responsive toan output of the first filter. The information communication system caninclude a reconstruction filter. The reconstruction filter can beresponsive to an output of the sequence detector. The informationcommunication system can also include an error generator. The errorgenerator can be responsive to the output of the first filter and anoutput of the reconstruction filter. The error generator can generatethe error signal E[n] including a difference between the output of thefirst filter and the output of the reconstruction filter.

According to the first aspect, the tap weight coefficient “b” can beupdated according to the equation:b[n+1]=b[n]−β*ΔΓ,wherein b[n+1] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “b” forthe next sampling time of the input signal, b[n] includes the value ofthe tap weight coefficient “b” for the current sampling time of theinput signal, β includes a first gain constant, and ΔΓ includes thechange in gain absent from the first filter. According to the firstaspect, the first filter can include N tap weight coefficients, whereinN includes at least four. For purposes of illustration and notlimitation, a third tap weight coefficient C₃ and a fourth tap weightcoefficient C₄ of the first filter can be constrained. Thus, ΔΓ can beupdated according to equation:

${{\Delta\;\Gamma} = \frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{o}} + {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{e}}} )}{\sqrt{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}}},$wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thefirst aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can be updated according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n)modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the first aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The error signal E[n] can include the differencebetween the output of the first filter and the output of thereconstruction filter.

According to the first aspect, the first filter can include N tap weightcoefficients, wherein N includes at least four. For purposes ofillustration and not limitation, a third tap weight coefficient C₃ and afourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first filter can be constrained.Thus, ΔΓ can be updated according to the equation:ΔΓ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(o) +ΔC ₄ *K _(e)),wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thefirst aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can be updated according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).

According to the first aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The error signal E[n] can include the differencebetween the output of the first filter and the output of thereconstruction filter.

According to the first aspect, the information communication system caninclude an error generator responsive to an output of the reconstructionfilter. The error generator can be in communication between an output ofthe second filter and inputs of the timing phase controller and the gaincontroller. According to the first aspect, the timing phase controllercan include the error generator. The timing phase controller can beresponsive to the output of the reconstruction filter. The gaincontroller can include the error generator. The gain controller can beresponsive to the output of the reconstruction filter. The first filterand the second filter can each include a Finite Impulse Response filter.According to the first aspect, a disk drive can include the informationcommunication system. At least the VGA, ADC, first filter, secondfilter, and at least one of the timing phase controller and gaincontroller can be formed on a monolithic substrate. The informationcommunication system can be compliant with a standard selected from thegroup consisting of 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11i.

According to a second aspect, a method for controlling at least one ofgain and timing phase can include the steps of: a.) amplifying an inputsignal to generate an amplified signal; b.) converting the amplifiedsignal into a digital signal to generate a converted signal; c.)filtering the converted signal to generate a first filtered signal inaccordance with a first plurality of filter coefficients, wherein thefirst plurality of filter coefficients are updated according to a firstLMS process, and wherein at least one filter coefficient of the firstplurality of filter coefficients is constrained; d.) filtering the firstfiltered signal to generate a second filtered signal in accordance witha second plurality of filter coefficients, wherein the second pluralityof filter coefficients of the second filter are updated according to anadaptation process, and wherein a number of filter coefficients of thesecond plurality of filter coefficients includes one of less than andequal to a number of the filter coefficients of the first plurality offilter coefficients; e.) controlling a gain of step (a.) in response tothe second filtered signal; and f.) controlling a timing phase of step(b.) in response to the second filtered signal. The adaptation processused to update the second plurality of filter coefficients can include asecond LMS process or a zero-forcing process.

According to the second aspect, at least two filter coefficients of thefirst plurality of filter coefficients can be constrained. The methodcan include the steps of: g.) updating a value of at least one filtercoefficient of the second plurality of filter coefficients to provide again of step (d.) that is associated with a change in gain absent fromstep (c.); and h.) modifying the gain of step (a.) based upon the gainof step (d.), to compensate for the change in gain error from step (c.).Additionally or alternatively, the method can include the steps of: g.)updating a value of at least one filter coefficient of the secondplurality of filter coefficients to provide a timing phase of step (d.)that is associated with a change in timing phase introduced by step(c.); and h.) modifying a timing phase of step (b.) based upon thetiming phase of step (d.), to compensate for the change in timing phaseintroduced by step (c.).

According to the second aspect, the second plurality of filtercoefficients can include two or three filter coefficients. The twofilter coefficients of the second plurality of filter coefficients caninclude “a” and “1+b”, respectively, and the three filter coefficientsof the second plurality of filter coefficients can include “a”, “1+b”,and “−a”, respectively. The method can include the step of: g.) updatingthe filter coefficient “a” according to the equation:a[n+1]=a[n]−α*Δθ,wherein a[n+1] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “a” forthe next sampling time of the input signal, a[n] includes the value ofthe tap weight coefficient “a” for the current sampling time of theinput signal, α includes a first gain constant, and Δθ includes thechange in timing phase error associated with step (c.).

According to the second aspect, the first plurality of filtercoefficients can include N filter coefficients, wherein N includes atleast four. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, a thirdfilter coefficient C₃ and a fourth filter coefficient C₄ of the firstplurality of filter coefficients can be constrained. The method caninclude the steps of: h.) updating Δθ according to the equation:

${{\Delta\theta} = \frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{e}} - {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{o}}} )}{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}},$wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal; and i.) updatingK_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the second aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The method can further include the steps of: i.)detecting an information sequence in the first filtered signal; j.)reconstructing an information signal from the detected informationsequence; and k.) generating the error signal E[n] including adifference between the first filtered signal and the reconstructedinformation signal.

According to the second aspect, the first plurality of filtercoefficients can include N filter coefficients, wherein N includes atleast four. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, a thirdfilter coefficient C₃ and a fourth filter coefficient C₄ of the firstplurality of filter coefficients can be constrained. The method caninclude the steps of: h.) updating Δθ according to the equation:Δθ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(e) −ΔC ₄ *K _(o)),wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal; and i.) updatingK_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the second aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The method can further include the steps of: i.)detecting an information sequence in the first filtered signal; j.)reconstructing an information signal from the detected informationsequence; and k.) generating the error signal E[n] including adifference between the first filtered signal and the reconstructedinformation signal.

According to the second aspect, the method can include the step of: g.)updating the tap weight coefficient “b” according to the equation:b[n+1]=b[n]−β*ΔΓ,wherein b[n+1] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “b” forthe next sampling time of the input signal, b[n] includes the value ofthe tap weight coefficient “b” for the current sampling time of theinput signal, β includes a first gain constant, and ΔΓ includes thechange in gain error from step (c.). According to the second aspect, thefirst plurality of filter coefficients can include N filtercoefficients, wherein N includes at least four. For purposes ofillustration and not limitation, a third filter coefficient C₃ and afourth filter coefficient C₄ of the first plurality of filtercoefficients can be constrained. The method can include the steps of:h.) updating ΔΓ according to equation:

${{\Delta\;\Gamma} = \frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{o}} + {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{e}}} )}{\sqrt{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}}},$wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal; and i.) updatingK_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the second aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The method can further include the steps of: i.)detecting an information sequence in the first filtered signal; j.)reconstructing an information signal from the detected informationsequence; and k.) generating the error signal E[n] including adifference between the first filtered signal and the reconstructedinformation signal.

According to the second aspect, the first plurality of filtercoefficients can include N filter coefficients, wherein N includes atleast four. For purposes of illustration and not limitation, a thirdfilter coefficient C₃ and a fourth filter coefficient C₄ of the firstplurality of filter coefficients can be constrained. The method caninclude the steps of: h.) updating according to the equation:ΔΓ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(o) +ΔC ₄ *K _(e)),wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal; and i.) updatingK_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the second aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The method can further include the steps of: i.)detecting an information sequence in the first filtered signal; j.)reconstructing an information signal from the detected informationsequence; and k.) generating the error signal E[n] including adifference between the first filtered signal and the reconstructedinformation signal.

According to the second aspect, the method can include the steps of: g.)detecting an information sequence in the first filtered signal; h.)reconstructing an information signal from the detected informationsequence; and i.) generating an error signal, wherein the error signalis associated with the reconstructed information signal. The method canbe compliant with a standard selected from the group consisting of802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11i.

According to a third aspect, an information communication system caninclude means for amplifying an input signal received by the informationcommunication system to generate an amplified signal. The informationcommunication system can include means for converting the amplifiedsignal into a digital signal to generate a converted signal. Theinformation communication system can include first means for filteringthe converted signal to generate a first filtered signal. Tap weightcoefficients of the first means for filtering can be updated accordingto a first LMS adaptation means. At least one tap weight coefficient ofthe first means for filtering is constrained. The informationcommunication system can include second means for filtering the firstfiltered signal to generate a second filtered signal. Tap weightcoefficients of the second means for filtering can be updated accordingto an adaptation means. The adaptation means can include a second LMSadaptation means or a zero-forcing adaptation means. The number of tapweight coefficients of the second means for filtering can be less thanor equal to the number of the tap weight coefficients of the first meansfor filtering. The information communication system can include eitheror both of means for controlling a gain of the means for amplifying inresponse to the second filtered signal and means for controlling atiming phase of the means for converting in response to the secondfiltered signal.

According to the third aspect, at least two tap weight coefficients ofthe first means for filtering can be constrained. The informationcommunication system can include means for updating a value of at leastone tap weight coefficient of the second means for filtering to providea gain of the second means for filtering that is associated with achange in gain error from the first means for filtering. The informationcommunication system can include means for modifying a gain of the meansfor amplifying based upon the gain of the second means for filtering, tocompensate for the change in gain error from the first means forfiltering means. Additionally or alternatively, the informationcommunication system can include means for updating a value of at leastone tap weight coefficient of the second means for filtering to providea timing phase of the second means for filtering that is associated witha change in timing phase error introduced by the first means forfiltering, and means for modifying a timing phase of the means forconverting based upon the timing phase of the second means forfiltering, to compensate for the change in timing phase error introducedby the first means for filtering.

According to the third aspect, the second means for filtering caninclude either a two-tap filter means or a three-tap filter means. Thetap weight coefficients of the two-tap filter means can include “a” and“1+b”, respectively, and the tap weight coefficients of the three-tapfilter means can include “a”, “1+b”, and “−a”, respectively. Theinformation communication system can include means for updating the tapweight coefficient “a” according to the equation:a[n+1]=a[n]−α*Δθ,wherein a[n+1] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “a” forthe next sampling time of the input signal, a[n] includes the value ofthe tap weight coefficient “a” for the current sampling time of theinput signal, a includes a first gain constant, and Δθ includes thechange in timing phase associated with the first means for filtering.

According to the third aspect, the first means for filtering can includeN tap weight coefficients, wherein N includes at least four. Forpurposes of illustration and not limitation, a third tap weightcoefficient C₃ and a fourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first meansfor filtering can be constrained. The information communication systemcan include means for updating Δθ according to the equation:

${{\Delta\;\theta} = \frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{e}} - {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{o}}} )}{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}},$wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thethird aspect, the means for updating the tap weight coefficients caninclude means for updating K_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the third aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value.

According to the third aspect, the information communication system caninclude means for detecting an information sequence in the firstfiltered signal. The means for detecting can be responsive to an outputof the first means for filtering. The information communication systemcan include means for reconstructing an information signal from theinformation sequence. The means for reconstructing can be responsive toan output of the means for detecting. The information communicationsystem can also include means for generating an error signal. The meansfor generating an error signal can be responsive to the output of thefirst means for filtering and an output of the means for reconstructing.The means for generating an error signal can generate the error signalE[n] including a difference between the output of the first means forfiltering and the output of the means for reconstructing.

According to the third aspect, the first means for filtering can includeN tap weight coefficients, wherein N includes at least four. Forpurposes of illustration and not limitation, a third tap weightcoefficient C₃ and a fourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first meansfor filtering can be constrained. The means for updating tap weightcoefficients can include means for updating Δθ according to theequation:Δθ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(e) −ΔC ₄ *K _(o)),wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thethird aspect, the means for updating the tap weight coefficients caninclude means for updating K_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the third aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The means for generating an error signal cangenerate the error signal E[n] including a difference between the outputof the first means for filtering and the output of the means forreconstructing.

According to the third aspect, the information communication system caninclude means for updating the tap weight coefficient “b” according tothe equation:b[n+1]=b[n]−β*ΔΓ,wherein b[n+1] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “b” forthe next sampling time of the input signal, b[n] includes the value ofthe tap weight coefficient “b” for the current sampling time of theinput signal, β includes a first gain constant, and ΔΓ includes thechange in gain absent from the first means for filtering. According tothe third aspect, the first means for filtering can include N tap weightcoefficients, wherein N includes at least four. For purposes ofillustration and not limitation, a third tap weight coefficient C₃ and afourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first means for filtering can beconstrained. The means for updating the tap weight coefficient caninclude means for updating ΔΓ according to equation:

${{\Delta\;\Gamma} = \frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{o}} - {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{e}}} )}{\sqrt{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}}},$wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thethird aspect, the means for updating the tap weight coefficient caninclude means for updating K_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the third aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The means for generating an error signal generatesthe error signal E[n] including a difference between the output of thefirst means for filtering and the output of the means forreconstructing.

According to the third aspect, the first means for filtering can includeN tap weight coefficients, wherein N includes at least four. Forpurposes of illustration and not limitation, a third tap weightcoefficient C₃ and a fourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first meansfor filtering can be constrained. The means for updating the tap weightcoefficient can include means for updating ΔΓ according to the equation:ΔΓ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(o) +ΔC ₄ *K _(e)),wherein ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to the equations:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3] andΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4], respectively,wherein μ includes a second gain constant, E[n] includes an error signalfor the current sampling time of the input signal, X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal at the third previous sampling time of theinput signal, and X[n−4] includes the value of the input signal at thefourth previous sampling time of the input signal. According to thethird aspect, the means for updating the tap weight coefficient caninclude means for updating K_(e) and K_(o) according to the equations:

${K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}},$and

${K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}},$respectively,wherein γ includes a “+1” when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0 and includes a “−1”otherwise, M can be determined according to the equation:M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2), andP can be determined according to the equation:P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).According to the third aspect, K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value. The means for generating an error signal generatesthe error signal E[n] including a difference between the output of thefirst means for filtering and the output of the means forreconstructing.

According to the third aspect, the information communication system caninclude means for generating an error signal. The means for generatingan error signal can be responsive to the output of the means forreconstructing. The means for generating an error signal can be incommunication between an output of the second means for filtering andinputs of the means for controlling the gain and the means forcontrolling the timing phase. The first means for filtering and thesecond means for filtering can each include a FIR filter means.According to the third aspect, a disk drive means can include theinformation communication system. At least the means for amplifying, themeans for converting, the first means for filtering, the second meansfor filtering, and at least one of the means for controlling a gain ofthe means for amplifying and the means for controlling a timing phase ofthe means for converting can be formed on a monolithic substrate. Theinformation communication system can be compliant with a standardselected from the group consisting of 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11gand 802.11i.

According to a fourth aspect, an information communication systemincludes a variable gain amplifier (VGA) responsive to an input signalof the information communication system. The information communicationsystem includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) responsive to anoutput of the VGA. The information communication system includes a firstfilter responsive to an output of the ADC. Tap weight coefficients ofthe first filter can be updated according to a first least mean square(LMS) engine. At least one tap weight coefficient of the first filtercan be constrained. The information communication system includes asecond filter responsive to an output of the first filter. The number oftap weight coefficients of the second filter can be less than or equalto the number of the tap weight coefficients of the first filter. Theinformation communication system includes a gain controller forcontrolling gain of the VGA. The gain controller is in communicationwith the VGA and responsive to the output of the second filter.

According to a fifth aspect, an information communication systemincludes a variable gain amplifier (VGA) responsive to an input signalof the information communication system. The information communicationsystem includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) responsive to anoutput of the VGA. The information communication system includes a firstfilter responsive to an output of the ADC. Tap weight coefficients ofthe first filter can be updated according to a first least mean square(LMS) engine. At least one tap weight coefficient of the first filtercan be constrained. The information communication system includes asecond filter responsive to an output of the first filter. The number oftap weight coefficients of the second filter can be less than or equalto the number of the tap weight coefficients of the first filter. Theinformation communication system includes a timing phase controller forcontrolling timing phase of the ADC. The timing phase controller can bein communication with the ADC and responsive to an output of the secondfilter.

According to a sixth aspect, an information communication systemincludes means for amplifying an input signal received by theinformation communication system to generate an amplified signal. Theinformation communication system includes means for converting theamplified signal into a digital signal to generate a converted signal.The information communication system includes first means for filteringthe converted signal to generate a first filtered signal. Tap weightcoefficients of the first means for filtering can be updated accordingto a first least mean square (LMS) adaptation means. At least one tapweight coefficient of the first means for filtering can be constrained.The information communication system includes second means for filteringthe first filtered signal to generate a second filtered signal. Thenumber of tap weight coefficients of the second means for filtering canbe less than or equal to a number of the tap weight coefficients of thefirst means for filtering. The information communication system includesmeans for controlling a gain of the means for amplifying in response tothe second filtered signal.

According to a sixth aspect, an information communication systemincludes means for amplifying an input signal received by theinformation communication system to generate an amplified signal. Theinformation communication system includes means for converting theamplified signal into a digital signal to generate a converted signal.The information communication system includes first means for filteringthe converted signal to generate a first filtered signal. Tap weightcoefficients of the first means for filtering can be updated accordingto a first least mean square (LMS) adaptation means. At least one tapweight coefficient of the first means for filtering can be constrained.The information communication system includes second means for filteringthe first filtered signal to generate a second filtered signal. Thenumber of tap weight coefficients of the second means for filtering canbe less than or equal to a number of the tap weight coefficients of thefirst means for filtering. The information communication system includesmeans for controlling a timing phase of the means for converting inresponse to the second filtered signal.

According to a seventh aspect, a computer program for controlling atleast one of gain and timing phase performs the steps of: a.) filteringan input signal to generate a first filtered signal in accordance with afirst plurality of filter coefficients; b.) updating the first pluralityof filter coefficients according to a first least mean square (LMS)process; c.) constraining at least one filter coefficient of the firstplurality of filter coefficients; d.) filtering the first filteredsignal to generate a second filtered signal in accordance with a secondplurality of filter coefficients, wherein the number of filtercoefficients of the second plurality of filter coefficients can be lessthan or equal to the number of the filter coefficients of the firstplurality of filter coefficients; e.) outputting a gain control signalin response to the second filtered signal; and f.) outputting a timingphase control signal in response to the second filtered signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detaileddescription, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein likereference numerals have been used to designate like elements, andwherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for controlling gain andtiming phase in the presence of a first filter using a second filter, inaccordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a disk drive system, inaccordance with the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are flowcharts illustrating steps for controlling atleast one of gain and timing phase, in accordance with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “a” of a second plurality of filter coefficients, inaccordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “a” of a second plurality of filter coefficients, inaccordance the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “b” of a second plurality of filter coefficients, inaccordance with the present disclosure; and

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “b” of a second plurality of filter coefficients, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION

Exemplary implementations are disclosed that include a system and/or amethod for controlling gain and timing phase in the presence of a firstLeast Mean Square (LMS) filter using a second adaptive filter. In aninformation communication system, such as, for example, a receiver, adisk drive or the like, a simple secondary filter, having tap weightcoefficients updated according to an adaptive algorithm such as, forexample, a LMS algorithm, can be added after a primary filter, havingtap weight coefficients updated according to a LMS algorithm. At leastone tap weight coefficient of the primary filter can be constrained orotherwise not adapted. The simple secondary filter can be added in theloop that implements the gain control and timing phase control of theinformation communication system. The simple secondary filter can be,for example, a two-tap filter or a three-tap filter. The tap weightcoefficients of the three-tap filter can be (a, 1+b, −a), and the tapweight coefficients of the two-tap filter can be (a, 1+b).

The simple secondary filter can introduce a slight gain differencebetween the output of the primary filter and the output of the simplesecondary filter to allow the gain control mechanism and the LMSalgorithm used to update the tap weight coefficients of the primaryfilter to each receive the signal amplitude level that each requires foroptimal performance. In other words, the tap weight coefficient “b” ofthe simple secondary filter can be adapted to account for the change ingain that is “missing” from the LMS adaptation of the tap weightcoefficients of the primary filter resulting from the constrained tapweight coefficients. In addition, by using a simple secondary filter,instead of, for example, a gain stage, a slight sampling phase offsetcan be introduced between the output of the primary filter and theoutput of the simple secondary filter. In other words, the tap weightcoefficient “a” of the simple secondary filter can be adapted to accountfor the change in timing phase error associated with the primary filteras a result of the constrained tap weight coefficients. The slightsampling phase offset can be used to compensate for any bias in thetiming phase recovery.

These and other aspects will now be described in greater detail. FIG. 1is a block diagram illustrating a system for controlling gain and timingphase in the presence of a first filter using a second filter. Aninformation communication system 100 includes a variable gain amplifier(VGA) 105. VGA 105 is responsive to an input signal 103 to theinformation communication system 100. The information communicationsystem 100 includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 110. ADC 110 isresponsive to an output of VGA 105.

The information communication system 100 includes a first filter 115.The tap weight coefficients of first filter 115 are updated according toa first LMS engine 113. The first filter 115 can be, for example, aFinite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)filter, or any other suitable type of filter that can use first LMSengine 113 to update the tap weight coefficients of the filter accordingto the LMS algorithm. First filter 115 can be of any length (i.e., caninclude any desired number of tap weight coefficients), depending on,for example, the characteristics of the communicated information, thechannel through which the information is communicated, the environmentand application in which the information communication system 100 isused, and the like. First filter 115 is responsive to an output of ADC110.

The information communication system 100 can include a sequence detector135. For example, sequence detector 135 can be a Viterbi detector or thelike. Sequence detector 135 is responsive to an output of first filter115. The information communication system 100 can include areconstruction filter 140. Reconstruction filter 140 is responsive to anoutput of sequence detector 135. The first LMS engine 113 is responsiveto the output of ADC 110 and to an error signal generated by errorgenerator 119. The error generator 119 is responsive to the output offirst filter 115 and an output of the reconstruction filter 140. Theerror generator 119 generates an error signal including the differencebetween the output of first filter 115 and the output of thereconstruction filter 140.

The information communication system 100 includes a second filter 120.The tap weight coefficients of second filter 120 are updated accordingto an adaptation engine 117. The adaptation engine 117 can include, forexample, a second LMS engine, a zero-forcing engine or any othersuitable type of adaptive filter engine. The adaptation engine 117 canbe responsive to the input of second filter 120 and the output of secondfilter 120. The second filter 120 can be, for example, a FIR filter, anIIR filter, or any other suitable type of filter that can use adaptationengine 117 to update the tap weight coefficients of the filter accordingto an adaptive algorithm. The complexity of the second filter 120 isless than or equal to the complexity of the first filter 115. In otherwords, the number of tap weight coefficients of the second filter 120 isless than or equal to the number of tap weight coefficients of the firstfilter 115. However, second filter 120 can be of any length (i.e., caninclude any desired number of tap weight coefficients), depending on,for example, the characteristics of the communicated information, thechannel through which the information is communicated, the environmentand application in which information communication system 100 is used,and the like. Second filter 120 is responsive to an output of the firstfilter 115.

The information communication system 100 can include a gain controller125 for controlling the gain of VGA 105. The gain controller 125 can bea Zero-Forcing (ZF) Automatic Gain Control (AGC) or any other suitabletype of AGC. Gain controller 125 is responsive to an output of thesecond filter 120. Gain controller 125 is in communication with VGA 105.Additionally or alternatively to gain controller 125, informationcommunication system 100 can include a timing phase controller 130 forcontrolling the timing phase of ADC 110. Timing phase controller 130 isresponsive to an output of the second filter 120. Timing phasecontroller 130 is in communication with ADC 110.

If the tap weight coefficients of first filter 115 are updated accordingto first LMS engine 113 using an unconstrained LMS algorithm, all tapweight coefficients of first filter 115 are adapted and the coefficientscan converge to values that minimize the Mean Square Error (MSE) of thesignal output by first filter 115 (assuming, for example, that gaincontrol and timing phase recovery are stable). To remove the interactionbetween the LMS algorithm used to update the tap weight coefficients ofthe first filter 115 and the gain control and timing phase recoveryalgorithms used to control the VGA 105 and ADC 110, respectively, theLMS algorithm used to update the tap weight coefficients of first filter115 (through first LMS engine 113) can be constrained in at least twodimensions. Conventionally, to provide the desired isolation between theLMS algorithm used to update the tap weight coefficients of first filter115 and the gain control and timing phase recovery, two or more tapweight coefficients of the first filter 115 can be constrained orotherwise not adapted so as not to participate in the LMS adaptationprocess. At least one tap weight coefficient of the first filter 115 canbe constrained, although any desired number of tap weight coefficientsof the first filter 115 can be constrained or otherwise not adapted.

At least two tap weight coefficients of first filter 115 areconstrained. Consequently, the value of at least one tap weightcoefficient of the second filter 120 is updated to provide a gain of thesecond filter 120 that is associated with a change in gain error fromthe first filter 115. The gain of the second filter 120 is configured tocause the gain controller 125 to modify a gain of VGA 105 to compensatefor the change in gain error from the first filter 115. In addition, thevalue of at least one tap weight coefficient of the second filter 120 isupdated to provide a timing phase of the second filter 120 that isassociated with a change in timing phase error introduced by the firstfilter 115. The timing phase of the second filter 120 is configured tocause the timing phase controller 130 to modify the timing phase of ADC110 to compensate for the change in timing phase error introduced by thefirst filter 115.

The second filter 120 can include, for example, a two-tap filter or athree-tap filter, although filters of other lengths can be used, withthe tap weight coefficients of the filter updated according to anadaptive algorithm. For example, the tap weight coefficients of thetwo-tap filter can include “a” and “1+b”, respectively. The tap weightcoefficients of the three-tap filter can include “a”, “1+b”, and “−a”,respectively. The values of tap weight coefficients “a” and “b” can beset at predetermined values. However, the values of the tap weightcoefficients “a” and “b” can be adapted. To adapt the tap weightcoefficients “a” and “b”, a characteristic gain of the first filter 115is defined. Generally, the gain of a FIR filter, having tap weightcoefficients updated according to a LMS algorithm, is a function offrequency. For example, for a magnetic recording application or thelike, the signal energy is concentrated around approximately one-halfthe Nyquist frequency of the system.

Consequently, the characteristic gain of the first filter 115 is definedto be the gain of the first filter 115 at one-half of the Nyquistfrequency, as described by Equation (2):

$\begin{matrix}{\Gamma = {\sqrt{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}.}} & (2)\end{matrix}$In Equation (2), K_(e) is defined according to Equation (3):

$\begin{matrix}{K_{e} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{M}{\gamma\; C_{2\; n}}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$where γ=+1 when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0, and γ=−1 otherwise. In Equation (3),each tap weight coefficient C_(2n) represents the value of an even tapweight coefficient (e.g., C₀ is the value of the zeroeth tap weightcoefficient, C₂ is the value of the second tap weight coefficient,etc.). If the first filter 115 includes N tap weight coefficients, M isdetermined according to Equation (4):M=TRUNCATE((N−1)/2).  (4)The TRUNCATE function truncates the given number to its integer portion,discarding any fractional part. Thus, for example, TRUNCATE(2.9)=2,TRUNCATE(2.5)=2, and TRUNCATE(2)=2. According to Equation (3),therefore, K_(e)=C₀−C₂+C₄−C₆ . . . , with the length of the resultingequation (and, consequently, the value of K_(e)) depending upon thetotal number of (even) tap weight coefficients of first filter 115.

In Equation (2), K_(o) is defined according to Equation (5):

$\begin{matrix}{K_{o} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{P}{\gamma\; C_{{2\; n} + 1}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$where γ=+1 when ((2*n) modulo 4)=0, and γ=−1 otherwise. In Equation (5),each tap weight coefficient C_(2n+1) represents the value of an odd tapweight coefficient (e.g., C₁ is the value of the first tap weightcoefficient, C₃ is the value of the third tap weight coefficient, etc.).If the first filter 115 includes N tap weight coefficients, P isdetermined according to Equation (6):P=TRUNCATE(((N−1)/2)−0.5).  (6)According to Equation (5), therefore, K_(o)=C₁−C₃+C₅−C₇ . . . , with thelength of the resulting equation (and, consequently, the value of K_(o))depending upon the total number of (odd) tap weight coefficients offirst filter 115. Highly quantized values of K_(e) and K_(o) (e.g., +1or −1, or any other suitable values) can be used instead of the valuescalculated according to Equations (3) and (5), respectively.

As noted previously, to isolate adaptation of the LMS algorithm used toupdate the tap weight coefficients of first filter 115 (through firstLMS engine 113) from gain controller 125 and timing phase controller130, two or more of the tap weight coefficients of first filter 115 areconstrained. However, constraining the tap weight coefficients canresult in the loss of the change in gain that the constrained tap weightcoefficients would have contributed. The first filter 115 can include Ntap weight coefficients, where N can include at least four, although Ncan be any number greater than zero. A third tap weight coefficient C₃and a fourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first filter 115 areconstrained, although additional and/or alternative tap weightcoefficients can be constrained. For purposes of illustration and notlimitation, if C₃ and C₄ are the constrained tap weight coefficients,then the missing gain change is represented by Equation (7):

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\;\Gamma} = {\frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{o}} - {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{e}}} )}{\Gamma}.}} & (7)\end{matrix}$In Equation (7), ΔC₃ is updated according to Equation (8), and ΔC₄ isupdated according to Equation (9), as follows:ΔC ₃ =μ*E[n]*X[n−3]  (8)ΔC ₄ =μ*E[n]*X[n−4].  (9)In Equations (8) and (9), μ includes a gain constant or step-sizeparameter and can be any suitable value, such as, for example, any valuebetween zero and one or any appropriate value. E[n] includes an errorsignal for the current sampling time of the input signal 103,representing the difference between the output of the first filter 115and the output of the reconstruction filter 140. X[n−3] includes thevalue of the input signal 103 at a third previous (time-delayed)sampling time of the input signal 103, and X[n−4] includes the value ofthe input signal 103 at a fourth previous (time-delayed) sampling timeof the input signal 103.

In Equation (7), ΔΓ represents the change in gain error from theadaptation of the LMS algorithm used to update the tap weightcoefficients of first filter 115 due to the constraint of tap weightcoefficients C₃ and C₄. Equation (7) can be modified to represent thegain change error due to the constraint of additional and/or alternativetap weight coefficients. For example, if more than two tap weightcoefficients are constrained, Equation (7) can include the ΔC term(s)for the additional tap weight coefficients, with the polarity of each ΔCterm corresponding to the polarity of the tap weight coefficient asrepresented in Equations (3) and (5) for K_(e) and K_(o), respectively.In addition, common terms that are nearly constant or are large inmagnitude can be dropped from Equation (7). Consequently, for purposesof illustration and not limitation, the following simplified equationrepresents the gain change error resulting from the constraint of tapweight coefficients C₃ and C₄ of first filter 115:ΔΓ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(o) +ΔC ₄ *K _(e))  (10)In Equation (10), ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to Equations (8) and(9), respectively, and Ke and Ko are updated according to Equations (3)and (5), respectively.

The gain change error ΔΓ can cause the improper functioning of, forexample, a ZF AGC algorithm in the presence of the constrained LMSalgorithm used to update the tap weight coefficients of the first filter115. To allow the LMS algorithm used to update the tap weightcoefficients of the first filter 115 to converge properly, the amplitudeof the signal input to first filter 115 can be adjusted. For example, ifΔΓ is positive, then the amplitude of the output of VGA 105 can beincreased to compensate for the amount of the gain change error. Thecompensation can be accomplished by, for example, reducing the gain ofthe second filter 120 by the amount −ΔΓ. This reduction in the amplitudeof the signal output by second filter 120 causes the gain controller 125to increase the gain of VGA 105 by the corresponding amount. Theresultant higher gain value of VGA 105 results in an increase to thesignal amplitude of input signal 103, thereby increasing the signalamplitude of the signal output by first filter 115.

Thus, the tap weight coefficient “b” of second filter 120 is updatedaccording to Equation (11):b[n+1]=b[n]−β*ΔΓ  (11)In Equation (11), b[n+1] includes the value of the tap weightcoefficient “b” for the next sampling time of the input signal 103,while b[n] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “b” for thecurrent sampling time of the input signal 103. The gain constant β canbe any suitable value, such as, for example, any value between zero andone or any appropriate value. The gain change error from the firstfilter 115, ΔΓ, is determined according to, for example, Equation (7),Equation (10) or a modified version of either Equation (7) or Equation(10) that accounts for additional and/or alternative constrained tapweight coefficients of first filter 115.

Additionally, there can be a timing phase rotation or error as a resultof the constrained LMS algorithm used to update the tap weightcoefficients of first filter 115. For example, for a signal componentlocated at approximately one-half the Nyquist frequency of the system,the timing phase rotation or error introduced by the LMS algorithm usedto update the tap weight coefficients of first filter 115 can beconsidered substantially equivalent to the timing phase rotation orerror for a two-tap filter with tap weight coefficients (K_(e), K_(o)).The phase angle for such a filter at approximately one-half the Nyquistfrequency would be TAN⁻¹(K_(o)/K_(e)). The first filter 115 can includeN tap weight coefficients, where N can include at least four, although Ncan be any number greater than zero. A third tap weight coefficient C₃and a fourth tap weight coefficient C₄ of the first filter 115 areconstrained, although additional and/or alternative tap weightcoefficients can be constrained. For purposes of illustration and notlimitation, if C₃ and C₄ are the constrained tap weight coefficients,then the timing phase error introduced by first filter 115 isrepresented by Equation (12):

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\;\theta} = {\frac{( {{{- \Delta}\; C_{3}*K_{e}} - {\Delta\; C_{4}*K_{o}}} )}{K_{e}^{2} + K_{o}^{2}}.}} & (12)\end{matrix}$In Equation (12), ΔC₃ is updated according to Equation (8), ΔC₄ isupdated according to Equation (9), and K_(e) and K_(o) is updatedaccording to Equations (3) and (5), respectively.

In Equation (12), Δθ represents the change in timing phase error thathas been introduced by the LMS algorithm used to update the tap weightcoefficients of first filter 115 due to the constraint of tap weightcoefficients C₃ and C₄. Equation (12) can be modified to represent thechange in timing phase error due to the constraint of additional and/oralternative tap weight coefficients. For example, if more than two tapsare constrained, Equation (12) can include the ΔC term(s) for theadditional tap weight coefficients. In addition, common terms that arenearly constant or are large in magnitude can be dropped from Equation(12). Consequently, for purposes of illustration and not limitation, thefollowing simplified equation represents the timing phase errorresulting from the constraint of tap weight coefficients C₃ and C₄ offirst filter 115:Δθ=(−ΔC ₃ *K _(e) −ΔC ₄ *K _(o))  (13)In Equation (13), ΔC₃ and ΔC₄ are updated according to Equations (8) and(9), respectively, and K_(e) and K_(o) are updated according toEquations (3) and (5), respectively.

To allow the LMS algorithm used to update the tap weight coefficients ofthe first filter 115 to converge properly, the timing phase of thesignal input to first filter 115 is adjusted. For example, if Δθ ispositive, then the timing phase of the signal output by ADC 110 isshifted or otherwise adjusted to compensate for the amount of the timingphase error. The compensation can be accomplished by, for example,rotating or otherwise adjusting the timing phase of the second filter120 by the amount −Δθ. This rotation in the timing phase of the signaloutput by second filter 120 causes the timing phase controller 130 torotate or otherwise adjust the timing phase of ADC 110 in the oppositedirection by a corresponding amount. The resultant timing phase rotationor adjustment of ADC 110 results in a rotation of the timing phase ofinput signal 103, thereby rotating or adjusting the timing phase of thesignal output by first filter 115.

Thus, the tap weight coefficient “a” of second filter 102 is updatedaccording to Equation (14):a[n+1]=a[n]−α*Δθ,  (14)In Equation (14), a[n+1] includes the value of the tap weightcoefficient “a” for the next sampling time of the input signal 103,while a[n] includes the value of the tap weight coefficient “a” for thecurrent sampling time of the input signal 103. The gain constant α canbe any suitable value, such as, for example, any value between zero andone or any appropriate value. The change in timing phase errorassociated with first filter 115, Δθ, is determined according to, forexample, Equation (12), Equation (13) or a modified version of eitherEquation (12) or Equation (13) that accounts for additional and/oralternative constrained tap weight coefficients of first filter 115.

Information communication system 100 can optionally include an errorgenerator 145. Error generator 145 is responsive to the output ofreconstruction filter 140. Error generator 145 is in communication withan output of second filter 120 and inputs of either or both gaincontroller 125 and timing phase controller 130. Instead of a separateerror generator 145, gain controller 125 can include an error generator.Gain controller 125 can then be responsive to the output ofreconstruction filter 140. Timing phase controller 130 can also includean error generator, instead of a separate error generator 145.Consequently, timing phase controller 130 can also be responsive to theoutput of reconstruction filter 140.

A disk drive can include the information communication system 100. FIG.2 is a functional block diagram of a disk drive system 200. The diskdrive system 200 includes a disk drive 205 that can be of, for example,a 2-, 4- or 8-channel configuration or any other suitable configuration.The disk drive 205 includes a hard disk controller (HDC) 210 thatinterfaces with a host device, such as a host computer 215, and furtherincludes a microprocessor 220 and memory 225, each in communication withthe HDC 210. A motor driver 230 is also provided. Disk drive 205 alsoincludes a read channel 235, the output of which is supplied to the HDC210. A pre-amplifier integrated circuit 240 generates an output signalthat is supplied as an input to the read channel 235. The pre-amplifieris in communication with a recording head 245, which can be, for examplea Magneto-Resistive (MR) or Giant Magneto-Resistive (GMR) recording heador any other suitable recording head. For example, the implementationsdisclosed herein can be used in or by, for example, read channel 235 orany other suitable component of disk drive system 200, and/or can beperformed by the combination of microprocessor 220 and memory 225.

Additionally, implementations disclosed herein can be used, for example,for communicating information over noisy communication channels and thelike. For example, information communication system 100 can be compliantwith a standard selected from the group consisting of 802.11, 802.11a,802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11i, or any other suitable wired or wirelessstandard. However, information communication system 100 can be used inany device or system that communicates information, including both wiredand wireless communication systems, read channel devices, disk drivesystems (e.g., those employing read channel devices), other magneticstorage or recording applications, and the like, particularly in systemsand devices where a substantial portion of the signal energy in thecommunicated information signal is located at approximately one-half ofthe Nyquist frequency of the system.

The input signal 103 can be any suitable type of electrical signal thatis capable of communicating electrical information. VGA 105, ADC 110,first filter 115, first LMS engine 113, error generator 119, secondfilter 120, adaptation engine 117, gain controller 125, timing phasecontroller 130, sequence detector 135, reconstruction filter 140 anderror generator 145 can each be implemented using any suitable means forperforming the functions associated with the respective element. VGA105, ADC 110, first filter 115, first LMS engine 113, error generator119, second filter 120, adaptation engine 117, gain controller 125,timing phase controller 130, sequence detector 135, reconstructionfilter 140 and error generator 145, or any combination thereof, can beformed on, for example, a monolithic substrate. Alternatively, eachelement, or any combination thereof, can be any suitable type ofelectrical or electronic component or device that is capable ofperforming the functions associated with the respective element. Eachcomponent or device can be in communication with another component ordevice using any appropriate type of electrical connection that iscapable of carrying electrical information.

Those of ordinary skilled will recognize that the informationcommunication system 100 can include any additional electrical orelectronic components, devices or elements that can be used forcommunicating information signals, including mixers, local oscillators,demodulators, modulators, phase locked loops, power amplifiers, powersupplies, additional filters, or any other appropriate components,devices or elements in any suitable combination that can be used forcommunicating information signals, depending upon the nature and type ofinformation signals to be communicated and the environment in which theinformation communication system 100 is to be used. For example, theinformation communication system 100 can form the receiver portion of atransceiver system for transmitting and receiving information, can formportion of a disk drive or other magnetic storage or recording device,or the like.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are flowcharts illustrating steps for controlling atleast one of gain and timing phase. In step 305 of FIG. 3A, an inputsignal is amplified to generate an amplified signal. In step 310, theamplified signal is converted into a digital signal to generate aconverted signal.

In step 315, the converted signal is filtered to generate a firstfiltered signal in accordance with a first plurality of filtercoefficients. The first plurality of filter coefficients are updatedaccording to a first LMS process. The first plurality of filtercoefficients can be of any number (i.e., can include any desired numberof filter coefficients). At least one filter coefficient of the firstplurality of filter coefficients can be constrained. For example, two ormore filter coefficients of the first plurality of filter coefficientscan be constrained.

In step 320, the first filtered signal is filtered to generate a secondfiltered signal in accordance with a second plurality of filtercoefficients. For example, the second plurality of filter coefficientscan be updated according to an adaptation process, such as, for example,a second LMS process, a zero-forcing process, or any other suitableadaptation process. The number of filter coefficients of the secondplurality of filter coefficients is less than or equal to the number ofthe filter coefficients of the first plurality of filter coefficients.For example, the second plurality of filter coefficients can include twoor three filter coefficients. However, the second plurality of filtercoefficients can be of any number (i.e., can include any desired numberof filter coefficients).

In step 325, a value of at least one filter coefficient of the secondplurality of filter coefficients is updated to provide a timing phase ofStep 320 that is associated with a change in timing phase errorintroduced by Step 315. The two filter coefficients of the secondplurality of filter coefficients can include “a” and “1+b”,respectively, and the three filter coefficients of the second pluralityof filter coefficients can include “a”, “1+b”, and “−a”, respectively.In step 330, the filter coefficient “a” of the second plurality offilter coefficients is updated according to Equation (14). In step 335,a value of at least one filter coefficient of the second plurality offilter coefficients is updated to provide a gain of Step 320 that isassociated with a change in gain error from Step 315. In step 340, thefilter coefficient “b” of the second plurality of filter coefficients isupdated according to Equation (11).

In step 345 of FIG. 3B, a gain of Step 305 is controlled in response tothe second filtered signal. In step 350, a gain of Step 305 is modifiedbased upon the gain of Step 320, to compensate for the change in gainerror from Step 315. In step 355, a timing phase of Step 310 iscontrolled in response to the second filtered signal. In step 360, atiming phase of Step 310 is modified based upon the timing phase of Step320, to compensate for the change in timing phase error introduced byStep 315.

In step 365, an information sequence is detected in the first filteredsignal. In step 370, an information signal is reconstructed from thedetected information sequence. In step 375, an error signal is generatedthat includes a difference between the first filtered signal and thereconstructed information signal.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “a” of the second plurality of filter coefficients. Thefirst plurality of filter coefficients can include N filtercoefficients, wherein N includes at least four, although N can be anynumber greater than zero. For example, a third filter coefficient C₃ anda fourth filter coefficient C₄ of the first plurality of filtercoefficients can be constrained. In step 405, Δθ is updated according toEquation (12). In step 410, K_(e) and K_(o) are updated according toEquations (3) and (5), respectively. K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “a” of the second plurality of filter coefficients. In step505, Δθ is updated according to Equation (13). In step 510, K_(e) andK_(o) are updated according to Equations (3) and (5), respectively.K_(e) and K_(o) can each include a predetermined value.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “b” of the second plurality of filter coefficients. Thefirst plurality of filter coefficients can include N filtercoefficients, wherein N includes at least four, although N can be anynumber greater than zero. For example, a third filter coefficient C₃ anda fourth filter coefficient C₄ of the first plurality of filtercoefficients can be constrained. In step 605, ΔΓ is updated according toEquation (7). In step 610, K_(e) and K_(o) are updated according toEquations (3) and (5), respectively. K_(e) and K_(o) can each include apredetermined value.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating steps for updating a filtercoefficient “b” of the second plurality of filter coefficients. In step705, A is updated according to Equation (10). In step 710, K_(e) andK_(o) are updated according to Equations (3) and (5), respectively.K_(e) and K_(o) can each include a predetermined value.

Any or all of the steps of a computer program as illustrated in FIGS.3A, 3B, and 4-7 for controlling at least one of gain and timing phasecan be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device,such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or othersystem that can fetch the instructions from the instruction executionsystem, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. As usedherein, a “computer-readable medium” can be any means that can contain,store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or inconnection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.The computer readable medium can be, for example but not limited to, anelectronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, orsemiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readablemedium can include the following: an electrical connection having one ormore wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM),a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory(EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact discread-only memory (CDROM).

It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that theimplementations disclosed herein can be embodied in various specificforms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristicsthereof. The presently disclosed implementations are considered in allrespects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

All United States patents and applications, foreign patents, andpublications discussed above are hereby incorporated herein by referencein their entireties.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a first filter circuitconfigured to receive a first plurality of coefficients at a firstplurality of taps, wherein the first filter circuit is configured tofilter a first input signal to generate a first filtered signal, whereinone or more of the first plurality of coefficients are constrained, suchthat the one or more of the first plurality of coefficients are notupdated; a least mean square circuit configured to (i) receive the firstinput signal, and (ii) based on the first input signal and a least meansquare algorithm, generate the first plurality of coefficients for thefirst filter circuit; a second filter circuit configured to receive asecond plurality of coefficients at a second plurality of taps, andwherein the second filter circuit is configured to filter the firstfiltered signal to generate a second filtered signal; and a gaincontroller configured to (i) receive a second input signal based on thesecond filtered signal, and (ii) generate a control signal to adjust again of the first input signal based on the second input signal, whereinthe second filter circuit provides a difference between a gain of thefirst filtered signal and a gain of the second filtered signal to adjust(i) an amplitude of the first input signal, and (ii) an amplitude of thesecond input signal, and a sampling phase offset between the firstfiltered signal and the second filtered signal.
 2. The system of claim1, further comprising an adaptation circuit configured to adjust (i) afirst coefficient to account for a change in a timing phase errorassociated with the first filter circuit due to constraint of the one ormore of the first plurality of coefficients, and (ii) a secondcoefficient to account for a change in gain not provided by the leastmean square circuit due to constraint of the one or more of the firstplurality of coefficients, wherein the second plurality of coefficientscomprise the first coefficient and the second coefficient.
 3. The systemof claim 2, wherein the adaptation circuit is configured to update (i)the first coefficient based on a change in a third coefficient and achange in a fourth coefficient, and (ii) the second coefficient based onthe change in the third coefficient and the change in the fourthcoefficient, wherein the one or more of the first plurality ofcoefficients include the third coefficient and the fourth coefficient.4. The system of claim 1, wherein: the second plurality of taps compriseonly a first tap and a second tap; the first tap receives a firstcoefficient; the second tap receives a second coefficient; and thesecond coefficient is equal to a sum of a predetermined value and
 1. 5.The system of claim 1, wherein: the second plurality of taps compriseonly a first tap, a second tap and a third tap; the first tap receives afirst coefficient; the second tap receives a second coefficient; thethird tap receives a third coefficient; the second coefficient is equalto a sum of a predetermined value and 1; and the third coefficient is aninverse of the first coefficient.
 6. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising an adaptation circuit configured to, based on the one or moreof the first plurality of coefficients, update (i) a first coefficientto set a phase of the second filter circuit, wherein the phase of thesecond filter circuit corresponds to a change in a phase error providedby the first filter circuit, and (ii) a second coefficient to set a gainof the second filter circuit, wherein the gain of the second filtercircuit corresponds to a change in a gain error provided by the firstfilter circuit, wherein the second plurality of coefficients comprisethe first coefficient and the second coefficient, and wherein constraintof the one or more of the first plurality of coefficients provides thephase error and the gain error.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein: theadaptation circuit is configured to update the first coefficient and thesecond coefficient based on a plurality of predetermined values; each ofthe plurality of predetermined values is based on corresponding ones ofthe first plurality of coefficients; the plurality of predeterminedvalues comprise a first value and a second value; the first value isbased on even ones of the first plurality of coefficients; and thesecond value is based on odd ones of the first plurality ofcoefficients.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the adaptation circuitis further configured to determine the change in the phase error basedon a sum of (i) a square of the first value and (ii) a square of thesecond value.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the adaptation circuitis further configured to determine the change in the gain error based ona sum of (i) a square of the first value and (ii) a square of the secondvalue.
 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the adaptation circuit isfurther configured to determine the change in the gain error based on asquare root of the sum of (i) a square of the first value and (ii) asquare of the second value.
 11. The system of claim 7, wherein: theadaptation circuit is further configured to, based on a sum of products,determine at least one of the change in the phase error or the change inthe gain error; and each of the products is of (i) a change in one ofthe first plurality of coefficients, and (ii) one of the plurality ofpredetermined values.
 12. The system of claim 1, further comprising avariable gain amplifier configured to (i) output an analog signal, and(ii) adjust a gain of the first input signal based on the control signalfrom the gain controller.
 13. The system of claim 12, further comprisingan analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the analog signalto the first input signal.
 14. A method comprising: receiving a firstinput signal at a first filter circuit; receiving a first plurality ofcoefficients at a first plurality of taps of the first filter circuit;filtering the first input signal by the first filter circuit to generatea first filtered signal, wherein one or more of the first plurality ofcoefficients are constrained, such that the one or more of the firstplurality of coefficients are not updated; receiving the first inputsignal at a least mean square circuit; based on the first input signaland a least mean square algorithm, generating the first plurality ofcoefficients; receiving the first filtered signal at a second filtercircuit; receiving a second plurality of coefficients at a secondplurality of taps of the second filter circuit; filtering the firstfiltered signal by the second filter circuit to generate a secondfiltered signal; receiving a second input signal at a gain controllerbased on the second filtered signal; and generating a gain controlsignal to adjust a gain of the first input signal by the gain controllerand based on the second filtered signal, wherein the second filtercircuit provides a difference between a gain of the first filteredsignal and a gain of the second filtered signal to adjust (i) anamplitude of the first input signal, and (ii) an amplitude of the secondinput signal, and a sampling phase offset between the first filteredsignal and the second filtered signal.
 15. The method of claim 14,further comprising adjusting (i) a first coefficient to account for achange in a timing phase error associated with the first filter circuitdue to constraint of the one or more of the first plurality ofcoefficients, and (ii) a second coefficient to account for a change ingain not provided by the least mean square circuit due to constraint ofthe one or more of the first plurality of coefficients, wherein thesecond plurality of coefficients comprise the first coefficient and thesecond coefficient.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising:updating the first coefficient based on a change in a third coefficientand a change in a fourth coefficient; and updating the secondcoefficient based on the change in the third coefficient and the changein the fourth coefficient, wherein the one or more of the firstplurality of coefficients include the third coefficient and the fourthcoefficient.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein: the second pluralityof taps comprise only a first tap and a second tap; the first tapreceives the first coefficient; the second tap receives the secondcoefficient; and the second coefficient is equal to a sum of apredetermined value and
 1. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein: thesecond plurality of taps comprise only a first tap, a second tap and athird tap; the first tap receives the first coefficient; the second tapreceives the second coefficient; the third tap receives a thirdcoefficient; the second coefficient is equal to a sum of a predeterminedvalue and 1; and the third coefficient is an inverse of the firstcoefficient.
 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising, based onthe one or more of the first plurality of coefficients, updating (i) thefirst coefficient to set a phase of the second filter circuit, whereinthe phase of the second filter circuit corresponds to a change in aphase error provided by the first filter circuit, and (ii) the secondcoefficient to set a gain of the second filter circuit, wherein the gainof the second filter circuit corresponds to a change in a gain errorprovided by the first filter circuit, wherein the second plurality ofcoefficients comprise the first coefficient and the second coefficient,and wherein constraint of the one or more of the first plurality ofcoefficients provides the phase error and the gain error.
 20. The methodof claim 19, wherein: the first coefficient and the second coefficientare updated based on a plurality of predetermined values; each of theplurality of predetermined values is based on corresponding ones of thefirst plurality of coefficients; the plurality of predetermined valuescomprise a first value and a second value; the first value is based oneven ones of the first plurality of coefficients; and the second valueis based on odd ones of the first plurality of coefficients.
 21. Themethod of claim 19, further comprising determining: the change in thephase error and the gain error based on a sum of (i) a square of thefirst value and (ii) a square of the second value; and the change in thegain error based on a square root of the sum of (i) a square of thefirst value squared and (ii) a square of the second value.
 22. Themethod of claim 19, further comprising, based on a sum of products,determining at least one of the change in the phase error or the changein the gain error, wherein: the first coefficient and the secondcoefficient are updated based on a plurality of predetermined values;each of the plurality of predetermined values is based on correspondingones of the first plurality of coefficients; and each of the products isof (i) a change in one of the first plurality of coefficients, and (ii)one of the plurality of predetermined values.